In a large pot, bring salted water to a boil. Add the penne pasta and cook according to package instructions until al dente. Drain and reserve 1 cup of pasta water.
While the pasta is cooking, heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the sliced garlic and cook until it becomes fragrant and golden brown, about 2-3 minutes. Be careful not to burn the garlic.
Add the red pepper flakes and cherry tomatoes to the skillet, stirring well. Cook for an additional 3-4 minutes until the tomatoes start to soften.
Toss the drained penne pasta into the skillet with the garlic and tomatoes, mixing everything well. If the pasta seems dry, gradually add some reserved pasta water until you achieve your desired consistency.
Remove the skillet from heat, then fold in the grated Parmesan, chopped basil, lemon zest, and lemon juice. Mix until well combined.
Season with salt and pepper to taste.
Serve hot, garnished with extra Parmesan and a sprinkle of fresh basil on top.
Notes
Adjust red pepper flakes to taste for desired spiciness.