In a large pot, bring salted water to a boil and cook the penne pasta according to package instructions until al dente. Drain and set aside.
In a large skillet, heat olive oil over medium heat. Add the diced onion and cook until translucent, about 3-4 minutes. Then add the minced garlic and diced bell pepper, cooking for an additional 3 minutes until softened.
Stir in the black beans, diced tomatoes with green chiles (including juice), chili powder, cumin, and season with salt and pepper. Let the mixture simmer for about 5 minutes to allow the flavors to meld.
Add the cooked penne pasta and corn kernels to the skillet. Stir until well combined, ensuring the pasta is evenly coated in the sauce.
Sprinkle in half of the cheddar and Monterey Jack cheeses. Gently stir until the cheeses start to melt and coat the pasta evenly.
Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Transfer the enchilada pasta mixture into a greased baking dish. Top with the remaining cheese. Bake for about 15-20 minutes, or until the cheese is melted and bubbly.
Remove from the oven and let it cool for a few minutes. Top with fresh cilantro and serve warm with a dollop of sour cream if desired.
Notes
Feel free to add more vegetables or adjust the spice level to your preference.